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Jerome Organ

The Intersection of Professional Identity Formation and the Rule of Law

In a fast-paced, energized 24-hours, over 50 participants gathered on October 24 and 25, 2025 at the University of St. Thomas School of Law for the Holloran Center’s Workshop on Professional Identity Formation and the Rule of Law.

Participants included law professors and law school administrators from nearly 30 law schools along with some St. Thomas law students and representatives from the American Bar Association and West Academic.

The Workshop was a culmination of the efforts of the Rule of Law Working Group, a joint enterprise of the Holloran Center for Ethical Leadership in the Professions and the “Pluralizing” Legal Professional Identity: Democracy, Equity, Justice, and the Law School Curriculum project led by Eduardo Capulong, and funded by a grant from the Mellon Foundation.

The rule of law has long been embedded in the Holloran Center’s foundational professional identity norms:

a deep responsibility and commitment to serving clients, the profession, and the rule of law;

a commitment to pro-active continuous professional development toward excellence at all the competencies needed to serve others well in the profession’s work.

Earlier this year, however, the Holloran Center team came to appreciate that just as professional identity formation has been underemphasized in legal education, the rule of law likewise has not received sufficient attention. In response, the Rule of Law Working Group was created to generate a Rule of Law Learning Outcome and a Holloran Competency Milestone to support legal educators around the country interested in helping students learn more about the rule of law and their special responsibility as lawyers to support the rule of law.

The Workshop included twenty demonstrations of teaching materials focused on the intersection of professional identity formation and the rule of law in a variety of contexts – first-year orientation, lawyering skills, professional responsibility, experiential courses, doctrinal courses. Presenters had the opportunity to model a small portion of their teaching activity, while participants experienced the lesson as students. Each session also offered the opportunity for participants to give feedback, discuss further opportunities for learning, and celebrate successes.

Presenters shared their teaching materials so each participant can replicate the lessons and work to embed professional identity formation and the rule of law into their teaching and programming at their respective law schools.

Regardless of their roles at their law schools, participants found the materials full of opportunities to engage the rule of law in a way that brings students together to dialogue about foundational principles without being partisan or divisive. Participants recognized that being more intentional about engaging rule of law concepts in the context of professional identity formation reaffirms a collective commitment to justice, accountability, and the common good.

The Holloran Center is grateful for the generous support for the Workshop from The Program for Character and Leadership at Wake Forest University and from West Academic (A BARBRI Company). West Academic will be working with the Rule of Law Working Group to distribute the teaching materials presented at the Workshop. Stay tuned for more details!

The Holloran Center’s next event focused on professional identity formation will be on Saturday, April 25, 2026, when we gather for the University of St. Thomas Law Journal Symposium and the First Annual Holloran Center Conference and Awards Dinner.

November 18, 2025 by gren2380

Jerome Organ

Law School Transfer Data and Professional Identity Formation

By: Jerry Organ, Bakken Professor of Law and Co-Director of the Holloran Center for Ethical Leadership in the Professions, University of St. Thomas School of Law

This blog posting updates my blog postings over the last several years regarding what we know about the transfer market, for example 2023, 2022, 2021 and 2020. With the ABA’s posting of the 2024 Standard 509 Reports, we now have more than a decade of detailed transfer data from which to glean insights about the transfer market among law schools, which has been in decline for most of the last decade. This posting also includes a section on transfer “feeder schools” and some reflections on whether and how law schools might be providing opportunities for professional identity formation for their transfer students.

Numbers of Transfers and Percentage of Transfers Remain Essentially Flat at the Lowest Levels in the Last Decade

As shown in Table 1 below, the number of transfer students received by law schools in 2024 increased slightly from 1162 to 1194, the second smallest number of transfers in the last decade, but as a percentage of first-year students, it remained flat at 3.0%. For the last several years, the transfer market had been shrinking, having declined from 5.5% in 2014, to 4.7% in 2016, to 3.4% in 2019, and then to 3.0% in 2022, where it has remained in 2023 and 2024. Aside from a slight bump in 2017, and another bump in 2020, there has been a continuous gradual decline in transfers over the last several years – from nearly 2200 to less than 1200 and from 5.5% of first-years in the previous fall to 3.0% (both down over 45%).

TABLE 1 – Number of Transfers and Percentage of Transfers from 2014-2024

After an increase in transfers in 2020, we saw declines in 2021 (to 1375 and 3.6%), 2022 (to 1231 and 3.0%), and 2023 (to 1162 and 3.0%) – the lowest number and percentage in a decade. While the number of transfers increased slightly in 2024, because there was a corresponding increase in the number of first-years, the percentage remained flat at 3.0%.

As I noted in my previous blogs, I believe the consistent decline in transfers is directly related to the increase in scholarship assistance over the last decade, including the elimination of conditional scholarships at dozens of law schools, which has made the financial calculus associated with transferring much less attractive. (The ABA defines a “conditional scholarship” as any scholarship “the retention of which is dependent upon the student maintaining a minimum grade point average or class standing” other than good standing. The number of law schools with conditional scholarship dropped from roughly 140 in 2011 to fewer than 70 as of 2023.) If a student were going to be paying full tuition at a given law school either because they did not receive a scholarship or lost a conditional scholarship and could transfer to a much higher ranked law school in the region for only marginal additional cost (and perhaps without having to move), transferring might make sense. But if a student has to forego scholarship assistance and absorb significantly more financial cost to transfer, then staying at the student’s initial law school makes more sense.

In addition, with the dramatic improvement in employment outcomes across law schools generally, with 81% of May 2024 graduates landing full-time, long-term bar passage required positions, the likelihood of having significantly better employment prospects at a school to which one might transfer also seems less compelling.

SOME LAW SCHOOLS CONTINUE TO DOMINATE THE TRANSFER MARKET

Table 2 below lists the top 15 law schools participating in the transfer market in descending order in Summer 2021 (fall 2020 entering class), Summer 2022 (fall 2021 entering class), Summer 2023 (fall 2022 entering class), and Summer 2024.

(Note that in Table 2, Table 4, and Table 5 the “repeat players” are bolded – those schools in the top 15 for all four years are in black, those schools in the top 15 for three of the four years are in blue.) Seven of the top 15 for 2024 have been on the list for taking in the largest number of transfers all four years: Columbia, Florida, George Mason, Georgetown, George Washington, Harvard, and Northwestern. Four others have been on the list for three of the four years: Arizona State, NYU, UC Berkeley, and UCLA. Table 2 also shows that for 2024, the concentration of transfers in the top 15 law schools for transfers remained near 50%, down just slightly from 2023.

TABLE 2 – Largest Law Schools by Number of Transfers from 2021-2024

As shown in Table 3 below, if we focus just on the top ten law schools for transfers in, the total number of transfers is 481 – 40% of all transfers – the second highest percentage in the last decade.

TABLE 3 – Totals for Top Ten Law Schools for Transfers In as a Percentage of All Transfers for 2014-2024

In terms of law schools with the highest percentage of transfers in as a percentage of their previous year’s first-year class, as shown below in Table 4, nine law schools have been on the list each of the last four years – Florida, Florida State, George Mason, Georgetown, George Washington, Harvard, Northwestern, UNLV, and Vanderbilt. Three law schools have been on the list three times in the last four years – Chicago, Florida Int’l, and NYU. Four schools have been on the list in two of the last four years – Arizona State, Columbia, Houston and UCLA. The number of law schools welcoming transfers representing 20% or more of their first-year class has fallen from nine in 2013 (not shown), to none in 2019, four in 2020, two in 2021, and only one in 2022, 2023, and 2024.

TABLE 4 – Largest Law Schools by Transfers as a Percentage of Previous First-Year Class – 2021-2024

TRANSFER FEEDER SCHOOLS

There also are some law schools that appear consistently in the list of top feeder schools for transfers as shown below in Table 5. These fifteen schools have been responsible for roughly 25-30% of transfer students in each of the last three years.

TABLE 5 – Largest Law Schools by Transfers Out for 2021-2024

Six law schools have been on the list of top transfer out law schools in each of the last four years – American, Brooklyn Law School, George Washington University, Nova Southeastern, University of California College of the Law – San Francisco, and the University of Miami. There are three additional law schools on the list in three of the last four years: Barry University, University of Maryland, and Touro University.

Notably, one of these schools – George Washington University – shows up on both the transfer out in Table 5 and the transfer in list above in Table 2. They are losing students to higher-ranked law schools and then back-filling with their own transfers from lower-ranked schools.

NATIONAL AND REGIONAL MARKETS –

Starting in December 2014, the ABA Section of Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar began collecting and requiring law schools with 12 or more transfers in to report not only the number of students who have transferred in, but also the law schools from which they came (indicating the number from each law school). In addition, the law schools with 12 or more transfers in had to report the 75%, 50% and 25% first-year law school GPAs of the students who transferred in. This allows one to look at where students are coming from and are going to, as well as the first-year GPA profile of students transferring in to different law schools.

Table 6 below focuses on the seven law schools in Table 2 that have been among the top15 in terms of number of transfers in for each of the last four years, presented in descending U.S. News & World Report (U.S. News) rank. Table 6 indicates the extent to which these seven law schools were attracting transfers from the geographic region in which they are located and highlights that the transfer market, to some extent, is a set of regional sub-markets.

TABLE 6 – Percentage of Transfers from Within Geographic Region 2022-2023-2024 and Top Feeder School for 2024 at Each of the Seven Law Schools among the Top 15 for Transfers In for 2022, 2023, and 2024

Five of the seven law schools had at least 44% of their transfers from the region in which they are located. Two of these seven law schools, Northwestern and Florida, obtained 50% or more of their transfers from the geographic region within which the law school is located for the last three years. On the other hand, Harvard is the only law school to have 35% or fewer transfers from its own region all three years, while Georgetown is the only other law school to have less than half of their transfers from its own region all three years.

When one looks at the transfer out schools in Table 5 in comparison with the transfer in schools in Table 2, one can see some of the regional realities. In the state of Florida, Nova Southeastern and Miami, followed by Barry University and to a lesser extent, St. Thomas University and Stetson, are transfer feeder schools for the University of Florida Levin College of Law, and to a lesser extent for Miami, Florida International, and Florida State, who received a number of those transfers. In the Mid-Atlantic, American, George Washington, and to a lesser extent Maryland, Baltimore, and Catholic are transfer feeder schools for Georgetown, with George Washington and George Mason receiving a number of transfers, too. In California, the University of California College of Law San Francisco, and to a lesser extent Loyola Marymount and Southwestern are transfer feeder schools for the University of California Berkeley and University of California Los Angeles. Miami, George Washington, and Loyola Marymount are the unique players in each region as they tend to lose a significant number of transfers and also accept a significant number of transfers.

Table 6 also identifies the law school that provided the largest number of transfers to each listed law school in 2024, as well as the percentage of transfers that came from that school. One of the seven law schools had a significant percentage (more than 20%) of its transfers in from one feeder school – George Washington with 25% of its transfers coming from American (which also was the biggest supplier of transfers to Georgetown and George Mason!). Similarly, Northwestern took 20% of its transfers from Loyola Chicago.

Notably, six of the seven law schools that have been the most consistent players in the transfer market over the last four years are on the East Coast (Columbia, Florida, George Mason Georgetown, George Washington, and Harvard) while one is in the Midwest (Northwestern).

VARIED QUALITY OF THE TRANSFER POOL

Table 7 below shows the tiers of law schools from which these seven largest law schools in the transfer market for each of the last four years received their transfer students. Four of the seven law schools that consistently have high numbers of transfers in are ranked in the top 15 in U.S. News, while the other three are ranked between 31 (George Mason and George Washington) and 38 (Florida).

TABLE 7 – Percentage of Transfers from Different Tiers of School(s) for 2022, 2023, and 2024 at the Seven Law Schools Among the Top 15 for Transfers in 2022, 2023, and 2024

(Bolded data indicates the modal percentage response for each law school.)

Two of the seven law schools – Harvard (no lower than 72%) and Columbia (no lower than 55%) – have consistently had large percentages of their transfers from law schools ranked between 1 and 50 in the U.S. News rankings. By contrast, in 2024, three of these seven law schools had more than 50% of their transfers from law schools ranked 101 or lower (Florida, George Mason, George Washington).

TABLE 8 – First-Year Law School 75th/50th/25thGPA of Transfers in 2022, 2023, and 2024 at the Seven Law Schools among the Top 15 for Transfers in 2022, 2023, and 2024

Table 8 above highlights the reported GPAs of transfers in for these seven law schools. In looking at Table 8, one quickly sees that of the four law schools ranked in the U.S. News top 15, only one – Harvard – has a 50th GPA for transfers in 2023 that is above 3.9, and a 25th GPA of 3.8 and above. Harvard also is accepting most of its transfers from top 50 law schools, making it clear that it is accepting transfers in who could have been admitted to Harvard in the first instance. Columbia is a close second, with all three of its metrics close to 0.1 below those of Harvard.

The other two top 15 law schools – Northwestern and Georgetown – are a step below in terms of the credentials of their transfers, with 50th GPAs of 3.8 and 3.69, respectively, and with 25th GPAs of 3.63 and 3.59, respectively, in 2024. In 2024, 60% or more of Northwestern’s and Georgetown’s transfers were from law schools ranked 51 or lower. For Georgetown and Northwestern, with a majority of their transfers coming from law schools ranked outside the top 50, many of these transfer students may not have had the credentials to be admitted as first-year students at Georgetown or Northwestern.

Once you drop out of the top 15, the other three law schools – Florida (3.51), George Washington (3.36) and George Mason (3.26) – each has a 50th GPA well below that of the other four law schools on the list and 25th GPAs that drop to 3.44, 3.19, and 3.14, respectively. With 80% or more of these transfers coming from law schools ranked 51 or lower, these law schools clearly are welcoming a number of transfer students whose entering credentials almost certainly were sufficiently distinct from each of those law schools’ entering class credentials such that the transfer students they are admitting would not have been admitted as first-year students in the prior year.

STILL MANY UNKNOWNS

As I have noted for the last few years, these more detailed transfer data from the ABA should be very helpful to prospective law students and pre-law advisors, and to current law students who are considering transferring. These data give them a better idea of what transfer opportunities might be available depending upon where they are planning to go to law school (or are presently enrolled as a first-year student).

Even with these more granular data now available, however, there still are a significant number of unknowns relating to transfer students, particularly regarding gender and ethnicity of transfer students and performance of transfer students at their new law school (both academically and in terms of bar passage and employment).

With the increased emphasis on professional identity formation reflected in ABA Standard 303(b)(3) and (c), there may be questions about how law schools are addressing professional identity formation for transfer students, particularly at those law schools that have added a first-year course/program focused on professional development or professional identity formation.

Are these law schools requiring transfers to take these courses with their incoming first-year students? Are there specific professional development or professional identity formation courses structured for transfer students at those law schools with a significant cohort of transfer students (10-15 or more)? Are there better ways to address the professional identity formation of transfer students that would help them integrate into the law school community where they are transferring? These are questions for which additional research would be warranted.

Please feel free to contact me at jmorgan@stthomas.edu should you have any comments or questions.

I am very grateful for the help of research assistant Alena Stankaitis in compiling some of the information for this blog posting and for helpful comments from my colleague, David Grenardo.

Jerome Organ is the Bakken Professor of Law and Co-Director of the Holloran Center for Ethical Leadership in the Professions at the University of St. Thomas School of Law

May 6, 2025 by hami3258

Jerome Organ

Astonishingly Strong Employment Outcomes for the Class of 2024

By: Jerry Organ, Bakken Professor of Law and Co-Director of the Holloran Center for Ethical Leadership in the Professions, University of St. Thomas School of Law

In January 2022, I posted a blog about the 10% increase in first-year enrollment across law schools in fall 2021, suggesting that the addition of roughly 3000-3500 law school graduates in May 2024 might mean employment challenges for some, particularly in states or regions that saw the largest increase in first-year students in fall 2021.

Was I ever wrong! The ABA will be releasing data on employment outcomes for 2024 graduates of all ABA-accredited law schools in the coming days. But I went and gathered the data from all ABA-accredited law schools to see how things turned out for the class of 2024, and the results are stunning! Absolutely, unbelievably stunning!!

Across all ABA-accredited law schools outside of Puerto Rico, the number of graduates between 2023 and 2024 increased by 3,710, from 34,845 to 38,555, but the number of graduates in full-time, long-term bar passage required [FTLT BPR] jobs increased by even more — 3,731 — from 27,854 to 31,585!

You read that right. The increase in the number of graduates in FTLT BPR jobs between 2023 and 2024 exceeded the increase in the number of graduates overall between 2023 and 2024.

As a result, despite adding roughly 3,700 law graduates, law schools saw the percentage of graduates in FTLT BPR positions increase from 79.9% to 81.9% — the highest rate since records have been maintained. This is truly astonishing!

Trend from 2014 to 2024

For the graduating class in 2014, nearly 25,000 graduates found FTLT BPR jobs.

For the next several years, from 2015-2020, the number of graduates in FTLT BPR jobs fluctuated between a low of roughly 22,800 and a high of roughly 24,500.

During this period, I began wondering whether the number of graduates passing the July bar exam might be imposing an upper limit on the number of graduates reported as being employed in FTLT BPR positions.

As shown in the table above, in 2014, the number of graduates in FTLT BPR positions was roughly 73% of those graduates from ABA-accredited law schools who were first-time passers on the July bar exam. By 2018, this percentage had increased to 97%. By 2020 and 2021, this percentage was over 99%. In 2022 and 2023, this percentage exceeded 100%. (These results can be more than 100% given that the ABA definition for bar passage required positions includes positions for which the graduate need not pass the bar (judicial clerk) as well as positions for which the graduate may not have passed the bar but is expected to pass the bar to continue in the position.) (The data for the number of graduates passing the July 2024 bar exam on their first try has not yet been released by the NCBE, but I expect the number to be between 29,500 and 30,000.)

Since 2021, the number of graduates in FTLT BPR positions has been on the rise – 26,500 in FTLT BPR positions for 2021 graduates, 27,700 for 2022 graduates, 27,900 for 2023 graduates and now roughly 31,500 for 2024 graduates, the highest number ever, surpassing the previous high of roughly 30,500 for the graduating class in 2007, just prior to the great recession.

These data points for the classes of 2020 through 2023 suggest that perhaps the market for law grads who have passed the bar exam has been growing at a rate greater than the number of law grads who have actually passed the bar exam.

Possible Reasons for this Increase in Full-time, Long-Term Bar Pass Required Positions

What might explain this growing appetite for law grads in FTLT BPR positions?

I think the most likely explanation is demographic. The attorneys that started the significant, sustained growth in the legal profession in the late 1970s and early 1980s are finally starting to retire or die in significant enough numbers to counterbalance new entrants into the legal profession.

The chart above shows that between 1980 and 2015 the number of lawyers increased from roughly 500,000 to 1,300,000. From 1980 to 2000, the legal profession added about 25,000 lawyers each year, dropping to roughly 20,000 lawyers being added each year between 2000 and 2015. But since 2015, there has been little meaningful growth in the legal profession.

While the number of law school graduates fell to roughly 35,000 by 2017, the number actually passing the bar and getting admitted to practice was even lower, probably less than 30,000 annually for the period from 2017 to 2023 (including July and February takers).

It appears that the number of lawyers exiting the marketplace – through death, retirement, concerns about well-being, or simply a desire to pursue a different calling – has increased sufficiently over the last decade that more FTLT BPR positions were available to 2024 law school graduates than ever before.

This could be a blip. It could be that demand for law school graduates who had passed the bar exam in recent years exceeded the number of eligible graduates such that there was a little bit of pent-up demand that was satiated with the larger class of graduates in 2024. So perhaps this will ultimately be seen as the high-water mark.

But if, in fact, we have reached a point where the market for lawyers has “matured” and reached a new normal in terms of having the number of annual exits from the legal profession roughly equal the number of new entrants each year, this could mean that law schools and law graduates can expect that the gap between the number of law graduates and the number of FTLT BPR positions will remain relatively narrow compared to historical trends as shown in the next chart.

Of course, it is hard to make predictions with much confidence given the current economic turbulence and risk of a recession, along with a possible decrease in government jobs and the challenges and opportunities presented by artificial intelligence. Nonetheless, given that the number of law graduates will be smaller in 2025 and 2026 than for the class of 2024, any decline in the number of FTLT BPR jobs available for graduates likely will be counterbalanced by having fewer graduates.

(I am thankful for helpful comments on earlier drafts from Jim Leipold and my Holloran Center colleagues, Neil Hamilton and David Grenardo.)

Jerome Organ is the Bakken Professor of Law and Co-Director of the Holloran Center for Ethical Leadership in the Professions at the University of St. Thomas School of Law

April 22, 2025 by hami3258

David Grenardo, Felicia Bennett, Jerome Organ, Neil Hamilton

“Current Issues in Profession Identity Formation” Workshop: An Energizing Gathering of PIF Advocates

By Felicia Bennett, Holloran Center Coordinator

The Holloran Center has hosted dozens of workshops over the past 20 years, and each one serves as a community gathering, a touchpoint in the evolution of the Professional Identity Formation movement, and a source of ideas and inspiration for us at the Center and for our participants. The most recent workshop that took place on February 28 and March 1 was no different. We welcomed a small but mighty group of 29 legal education professionals. There was representation from the faculty to the dean level along with several program directors and representatives of the Law School Admissions Council, AALS, and the American Bar Association. As a participant noted, there is something “magic” about breaking down silos across geography and discipline to bring people together under the organizing principle of PIF.

Our workshop’s theme was “Current Issues in Professional Identity Formation.” As law schools around the country work to integrate PIF into their curricula to address ABA Standard 303(b), there are many positive developments and, conversely, new challenges to making changes in a change-averse profession. Co-Directors Jerry Organ and Neil Hamilton set the stage by talking about the importance of a coherent and whole-building approach to PIF and how to overcome pushback from both students and faculty. Discussions also explored incorporating the rule of law into students’ professional identities and fostering upper-level collaborations with career services, clinics, and externships.

Perhaps the most energizing portion of the Workshop was four speed-sharing sessions in which our participants presented on how they are engaging PIF at their own institutions. The themes covered included:

Models for the integration of PIF
Structuring a first-year PIF course
Mentoring (lawyer/judge, faculty and peer)
Specific exercises to engage students in PIF concepts

During these presentations, it was exciting and humbling to see that what began as an idea about how to educate lawyers better has transformed into an organizing principle for many legal educators. We look forward to seeing some of the ideas generated at this Workshop, from large projects such as the formation of a PIF nonprofit to small but impactful changes such as PIF outreach to specific academic communities, come to fruition in coming years.

We are grateful to everyone who joined us here in Minneapolis to further the movement and foster deep, supportive connections with one another. We are also thankful for the support of our own community, namely Dean Dan Kelly – who offered opening remarks – and Uyen Campbell, Director of Mentor Externship, who spoke to the group about the award-winning program she leads.

As one participant noted in our closing session, ‘This is more than a conference—it’s the sharing and sense of community that make it so worthwhile.’

If you have any questions or if you would like to stay informed about future Holloran Center Workshops, we encourage you to contact us. You can reach all members of the Center by emailing holloranctr@stthomas.edu, or you may contact Jerry Organ, the driving force behind our Workshops, at jmorgan@stthomas.edu.

March 13, 2025 by hami3258

Jerome Organ

Location, Location, Location Reprised – Regional Employment Realities for Law Graduates

By: Jerry Organ, Bakken Professor of Law and Co-Director of the Holloran Center for Ethical Leadership in the Professions, University of St. Thomas School of Law

One of the first blog posts I had on The Legal Whiteboard focused on the location of employment for graduates in the Classes of 2010 and 2011. I reprised this in 2017 for the Classes of 2014 and 2015. In both instances, the data showed that the vast majority of law schools function as regional law schools – with 67% or more of their employed graduates taking jobs in the state in which the law school was located or an adjacent state.

I have now updated this analysis using data from the Class of 2023 and the results remain remarkably consistent. These calculations are drawn from the Employment Summary reports for each law school, which indicate the top three states in which graduates were employed in descending order.

For the Class of 2023, 147 of the 195 law schools (75.4%) saw 67% or more of their employed graduates take jobs in the state in which the law school was located or an adjacent state or states. Of these, 110 (roughly 56% of all law schools) saw 67% or more of their employed graduates take jobs in the state in which the school was located.

As shown in Table 1, the numbers for the Class of 2023 closely track the numbers for the Classes of 2014 and 2015 (76% in region and 60% in state) and the numbers for the Classes of 2010 and 2011 (76% in region and 60% in state). This means there continues to be relative stability in the geographic markets in which graduates are employed for the vast majority of law schools over the last decade plus.

The vast majority of law schools function as regional law schools in terms of employment outcomes.

For the Class of 2023, 128 law schools (roughly 66% of all law schools) saw an even higher percentage – 75% or more of their employed graduates – employed in the state in which the law school was located or an adjacent state, with 85 of those (roughly 44% of all law schools) having 75% or more of their employed graduates in the home state of the law school. These numbers also closely track the results for the Class of 2014 and Class of 2015.

For the Class of 2023, 40 law schools saw 90% or more of their employed graduates employed in the state in which the law school was located or adjacent states, down slightly from numbers in the upper 40s for the Classes of 2014 and 2015.

Three of the states with the largest number of law schools are particularly regional. For the Class of 2023, all ten Florida-based law schools had at least 74% of their employed graduates in Florida or an adjacent state. Similarly, every law school in Texas except for UT Austin (69.8%) had 83.9% or more of their employed graduates in Texas or an adjacent state. Likewise, every California law school except California-Berkeley (68.5%) and Stanford (44.4%) had more than 80% of their employed graduates in California or an adjacent state.

The lesson for those considering law school should be pretty clear. For many law students, geography should be an important consideration in choice of law school, given that the clear majority of law school graduates who find employment tend to take jobs in the state in which the law school is located or in an adjacent state.

Posted by Jerry Organ (I am grateful to Cameron Fair for his research assistance in preparing this blog post.)

Jerome Organ is the Bakken Professor of Law and Co-Director of the Holloran Center for Ethical Leadership in the Professions at the University of St. Thomas School of Law

December 5, 2024 by hami3258

Jerome Organ

Law School Transfer Data and Professional Identity Formation

By: Jerry Organ, Bakken Professor of Law and Co-Director of the Holloran Center for Ethical Leadership in the Professions, University of St. Thomas School of Law

This blog posting updates my blog postings over the last several years regarding what we know about the transfer market, for example 2022, 2021 and 2020. With the ABA’s posting of the 2023 Standard 509 Reports, we now have a decade of more detailed transfer data from which to glean insights about the transfer market among law schools, which has been in decline for most of the last decade. This posting also includes a new section on transfer “feeder schools” and some reflections on whether and how law schools might be providing opportunities for professional identity formation for their transfer students.

Numbers of Transfers and Percentage of Transfers Continue to Decline to the Lowest Levels in the Last Decade

As shown in Table 1 below, the number of transfer students received by law schools in 2023 decreased for the third consecutive year to 1162, the smallest number of transfers in the last decade. For the last several years, the transfer market has been shrinking, having declined from 5.5% in 2014, to 4.7% in 2016, to 3.4% in 2019, to 3.0% in 2022 and again in 2023. Aside from a slight bump in 2017, and another bump in 2020, this drop reflects a continuation of a gradual decline in transfers over the last several years – from nearly 2200 to less than 1200 and from 5.5% of first-years in the previous fall to 3.0% (both down over 45%).

Table 1 – Number of Transfers and Percentage of Transfers from 2014-2023
After an increase in transfers in 2020, we have seen declines in 2021 to 1375 and 3.6%, 2022 to 1231 and 3.0%, and 2023 to 1162 and 3.0% – the lowest number and percentage in a decade.

My sense is that the dramatic increase in scholarship assistance over the last decade, including the elimination of conditional scholarships at dozens of law schools, has made the financial equation associated with transferring much less attractive. (The number of law schools with conditional scholarship programs dropped from roughly 140 in 2011 to fewer than 80 as of 2020.) If a student were going to be paying full tuition at a given law school and could transfer to a much higher ranked law school in the region for only marginal additional cost (and perhaps without having to move), transferring might make sense. But if a student has to forego scholarship assistance and absorb significantly more financial cost to transfer, then staying at the student’s initial law school might seem to make more sense.

SOME LAW SCHOOLS CONTINUE TO DOMINATE THE TRANSFER MARKET

Table 2 below lists the top 15 law schools participating in the transfer market in descending order in Summer 2020 (fall 2019 entering class), Summer 2021 (fall 2020 entering class), Summer 2022 (fall 2021 entering class), and Summer 2023 (fall 2022 entering class).

(Note that in Table 2 and in Table 4, the “repeat players” are bolded – those schools in the top 15 for all four years are in black, those schools in the top 15 for three of the four years are in blue.) Seven of the top 15 for 2023 have been on the list for the largest number of transfers all four years, with four having been on the list for three of the four years (including 2023). Florida dropped out of the top 15 this year after having been in the top 15 the prior four years, while Florida State and Miami dropped out of the top 15 this year after having been in the top 15 the prior three years. There are four newcomers to the list in 2023: Vanderbilt, Florida International, Hofstra, and St. John’s. Table 2 also shows that for 2023, the concentration of transfers in the top 15 law schools for transfers increased back to 50%, where it was in 2020, up from 43% in 2021 and 47% in 2022.

TABLE 2 — Largest Law Schools by Number of Transfers from 2020-2023

As shown in Table 3 below, if we focus just on the top ten law schools for transfers in, the total number of transfers is 494 – 43% of all transfers – the highest percentage in the last decade.

TABLE 3 – Totals for Top Ten Law Schools for Transfers In as a Percentage of All Transfers for 2014-2023
In terms of law schools with the highest percentage of transfers in as a percentage of their previous year’s first-year class, as shown below in Table 4, eight law schools have been on the list each of the last four years – Chicago, Florida, Florida State, George Mason, Georgetown, George Washington, Northwestern and UNLV. Four law schools have been on the list three times in the last four years – Florida Int’l, Harvard, NYU, and Vanderbilt (including 2023). Two of the other three schools have been on the list in two of the last four years (including 2023) – Columbia and UCLA. The number of law schools welcoming transfers representing 20% or more of their first-year class has fallen from nine in 2013 (not shown), to none in 2019, four in 2020, two in 2021, and only one in 2022 and 2023 (Georgetown in both years).

TABLE 4 — Largest Law Schools by Transfers as a Percentage of Previous First-Year Class – 2020-2023
TRANSFER FEEDER SCHOOLS

TABLE 5 — Largest Law Schools by Transfers Out for 2021-2023

Eight law schools have been on the list of top transfer out law schools in each of the last three years – American, Barry University, Brooklyn Law School, George Washington University, Nova Southeastern, Touro University, University of California College of the Law, San Francisco, and the University of Miami. There are three additional law schools on the list in two of the last three years (including 2023): Boston University, Stetson University College of Law, and University of Maryland. In addition, there are three schools that made the list of the top-15 law schools for transfers out in both 2021 and 2022, but not in 2023: Southwestern University, St. Thomas University (Florida), and Widener University-Delaware.

Notably, two of these schools – George Washington University and Miami — show up on both the transfer out in Table 5 and the transfer in list above in Table 2. They are losing students to higher-ranked law schools and then back-filling with their own transfers from lower-ranked schools.

NATIONAL AND REGIONAL MARKETS –

Starting in December 2014, the ABA Section of Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar began collecting and requiring law schools with 12 or more transfers in to report not only the number of students who have transferred in, but also the law schools from which they came (indicating the number from each law school). In addition, the law schools with 12 or more transfers in had to report the 75%, 50% and 25% first-year, law school GPAs of the students who transferred in. This allows one to look at where students are coming from and are going to, as well as the first-year GPA profile of students transferring in to different law schools.

Table 6 below focuses on the seven law schools in Table 2 that have been among the top-15 in terms of number of transfers in for each of the last four years, presented in descending U.S. News & World Report (U.S. News) rank. Table 6 indicates the extent to which these seven law schools were attracting transfers from the geographic region in which they are located and highlights that the transfer market, to some extent, is a set of regional sub-markets.

TABLE 6 — Percentage of Transfers from Within Geographic Region 2021-2022-2023 and Top Feeder School for 2023 at the Seven Law Schools among the Top-15 for Transfers In for 2021, 2021, and 2023

All seven law schools had at least 35% of their transfers from the region in which they are located. Two of these seven law schools, Northwestern and Florida, obtained most of their transfers from within the geographic region within which the law school is located for the last three years, (with 80% for Northwestern and 60% for Florida in 2023). On the other hand, three law schools (Harvard and Georgetown and George Washington) had 48% or fewer of their transfers from within the region in which the law school is located in each of the last three years.

When one looks at the transfer out schools in Table 5 in comparison with the transfer in schools in Table 2, one can see some of the regional realities. In Florida, Barry University, Miami, Nova Southeastern, St. Thomas University, and Stetson are transfer feeder schools with Florida, Florida International, Florida State, and Miami receiving a number of those transfers. In the Mid-Atlantic, American, Baltimore, Catholic, George Washington University, and Maryland are transfer feeder schools with George Mason, Georgetown, and George Washington receiving a number of transfers. In California, Loyola Marymount, Southwestern, and the University of California College of Law San Francisco are transfer feeder schools with Loyola Marymount, University of California Berkeley, and University of California Los Angeles receiving a number of transfers.

Table 6 also identifies the law school that provided the largest number of transfers to each listed law school in 2023, as well as the percentage of transfers that came from that school. One of the seven law schools had a significant percentage (more than 20%) of its transfers in from one feeder school – Northwestern – with 25% of its transfers coming from Loyola-Chicago (and over 65% from Loyola/DePaul/UIC).

Notably, six of these seven law schools that are consistent players in the transfer market are on the East Coast (Harvard, Columbia, Florida, George Mason, Georgetown, and George Washington) while one is in the Midwest (Northwestern).

VARIED QUALITY OF THE TRANSFER POOL

Table 7 below shows the tiers of law schools from which these seven largest law schools in the transfer market for each of the last four years received their transfer students. Four of the seven law schools that consistently have high numbers of transfers in are ranked in the top 15 in U.S. News, while the other three are ranked between 28 (Florida and George Mason) and 41 (George Washington).

TABLE 7 — Percentage of Transfers from Different Tiers of School(s) for 2021, 2022 and 2023 at the Seven Law Schools Among the Top-15 for Transfers in 2021, 2022, and 2023

Two of the seven law schools – Harvard (no lower than 72%) and Columbia (no lower than 55%) — have consistently had large percentages of their transfers from law schools ranked between 1 and 50 in the U.S. News rankings. By contrast, in 2023, four of these seven law schools had more than 40% of their transfers from law schools ranked 101 or lower (Florida, George Mason, George Washington, and Northwestern).

TABLE 8 — First-Year Law School 75th/50th/25thGPA of Transfers in 2021, 2022, and 2023 at the Seven Law Schools among the Top-15 for Transfers in 2021, 2022, and 2023

Table 8 above highlights the reported GPAs of transfers in for these seven law schools. In looking at Table 8, one quickly sees that of the four law schools ranked in the U.S. News top-15, only one – Harvard — has a 50th GPA for transfers in 2023 that is above 3.9, and a 25th GPA of 3.8 and above. Harvard also is accepting most of its transfers in from top-50 law schools, making it clear that it is accepting transfers in who could have been admitted to Harvard in the first instance. Columbia is a close second, with all three of its metrics close to 0.1 below those of Harvard.

The other two top-15 law schools – Northwestern and Georgetown – are a step below in terms of the credentials of their transfers, with 50th GPAs of 3.75 and 3.67, respectively, and with 25th GPAs of 3.63 and 3.55, respectively, in 2023. In 2023, more than 65% of Georgetown’s transfers were from law schools ranked 51 or lower while 75% of Northwestern’s transfers were from law schools ranked 51 or lower. For Georgetown and Northwestern, with a majority of their transfers coming from law schools ranked outside the top 50, many of these transfer students may not have had the credentials to be admitted as first-year students at Georgetown or Northwestern.

Once you drop out of the top-15, the other three law schools – Florida (3.55), George Mason (3.42), and George Washington (3.35) – each has a 50th GPA well below that of the other four law schools on the list and 25th GPAs that drop to 3.33, 3.31, and 3.23, respectively. With 85% or more of these transfers coming from law schools ranked 51 or lower, these law schools clearly are welcoming a number of transfer students whose entering credentials almost certainly were sufficiently distinct from each of those law schools’ entering class credentials that the transfer students they are admitting would not have been admitted as first-year students in the prior year.

STILL MANY UNKNOWNS

Even with this more granular data now available, however, there still are a significant number of unknowns relating to transfer students, particularly regarding gender and ethnicity of transfer students and performance of transfer students at their new law school (both academically and in terms of bar passage and employment).

Are these law schools requiring transfers to take these courses with their incoming first-year students? Are there specific professional development or professional identity formation courses structured for transfer students at those law schools with a significant cohort of transfer students (10-15 or more)? Are there better ways to address the professional identity formation of transfer students that would help them integrate into the law school community into which they are transferring? These are questions for which additional research would be warranted.

Please feel free to contact me at jmorgan@stthomas.edu should you have any comments or questions.

Jerome Organ is the Bakken Professor of Law and Co-Director of the Holloran Center for Ethical Leadership in the Professions at the University of St. Thomas School of Law

May 7, 2024 by hami3258

David Grenardo, Jerome Organ, Neil Hamilton

The Holloran Center in the News

by Felicia Hamilton, Holloran Center Coordinator

Jerry Organ, Associate Director of the Holloran Center, earned recognition as one the Top 20 Most Influential People in Legal Education by the National Jurist. From being a major player in the conversation that led to the revision of ABA Standard 303 to presenting at conferences on legal education and wellness around the world, Organ has been making major strides to advance professional identity formation and well-being for law students.

More details on this nomination are forthcoming upon the release of the National Jurist’s spring edition.

–

Neil Hamilton, Founding Director of the Holloran Center, was featured in the winter edition of the National Jurist. The article “What best prepares you for the practice of law?” by Sherry Karabin discusses the importance of experiential education. In this article, Hamilton is quoted regarding methods that encourage the thoughtful development of professional identity: “We think it’s…important that…educational experiences are coordinated in a progressive engagement of guided reflection over three years with the help of faculty and staff coaches.”[1]

–

Co-Director of the Holloran Center, David Grenardo, was interviewed by USA Today about the history of nepotism in the NFL prior to the 2024 Super Bowl. Drawing from his expertise in Sports Law, Grenardo highlights the contradiction between the perception of competitive sports as meritocratic and the existence of ownership structures that are decided by lineage or connections.

Speaking on the fact that 16 of the NFL’s 32 owners inherited their teams from family members, Grenardo notes: “’One of the reasons that these statistics may bother some people is that sports is supposed to be a meritocracy…The best players play on the team, and the team that plays the best wins. Meritocracy, however, applies to players, not ownership or coaching.’”[2]

[1] Karabin , S. (n.d.). What best prepares you for the practice of law? The National Jurist, 33(3), 9–10.

[2] Schrotenboer, B. (2024, February 8). Super Bowl is a reminder of how family heritage, nepotism still rule the NFL. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/super-bowl/2024/02/08/super-bowl-nepotism-nfl-49ers-chiefs-kyle-shanahan-andy-reid/72488948007/

March 12, 2024 by hami3258

Barbara Glesner FInes, David Grenardo, Felicia Hamilton, Jerome Organ, Kendall Kerew, Louis Bilionis, Neil Hamilton

Welcoming the new year with gratitude: Holloran Center Resolutions for 2024

By: Barbara Glesner Fines, Dean and Rubey M. Hulen Professor of Law, UMKC School of Law

What better time to reflect on professional identity formation than the new year, when so many of us are making resolutions for growth and improvement. Here are three of our resolutions for the Holloran Center’s continued formation:

We resolve to be grateful. We are grateful for the leadership of Tom Holloran, whose example of servant leadership inspires us. We are grateful for the work of scholars and teachers in other professions who have given us so many insights and inspiration. We are especially grateful to you, our colleagues engaged in this work of coaching, mentoring, and guiding our students in their transformation from student to lawyer.
We resolve to listen. This past year, we have learned so much from the questions and critiques posed by our colleagues. What do we really mean by formation? How is it different from the knowledge and skills transfer we aim to teach and provide? How do we assess development? How do or should concepts of professionalism and civility fit into professional identity? What about this idea of “identity”? How does that singular-sounding noun reconcile with our diverse cultures and values as individuals and communities? How do we ensure that the work of formation is shared and equitably by our entire community? Our understanding of our work has evolved with each question and challenge.
We resolve to share. Since 2013, over 400 scholars, teachers, and student services professionals from over 60 law schools have attended a Professional Identity Formation workshop or conference or symposium sponsored by the Holloran Center. We look forward to hosting at least three additional workshops in 2024: a conference for professional responsibility scholars and teachers in April, along with two summer workshops. We will continue to support others leading in this effort. We are also working to develop our online community: revising our databases of materials and inventories, and growing our blog and listserv. Let us know how we can help.

Happy New Year!

Neil, Jerry, David, Lou, Barb, Kendall, and Felicia

January 5, 2024 by hami3258

Barbara Glesner FInes, David Grenardo, Jerome Organ, Louis Bilionis, Neil Hamilton

Standard 303 and the Development of Student Professional Identity: A Framework for the Intentional Exploration of the Profession’s Core Values

By Felicia Hamilton, Holloran Center Coordinator

Holloran Center Directors Neil Hamilton, Jerry Organ, and David Grenardo, along with Holloran Center Fellows Barbara Glesner Fines and Louis Bilionis recently co-authored an article that supplies a framework for understanding the core values of the legal profession. The authors’ intention is to guide legal educators into a thoughtful exploration of the nature of these values, and to encourage law school faculty and staff to make intentional choices around how their programs highlight them. Using the metaphor of a tree, the authors address the core values of the “trunk” (a sense of responsibility to those whom the professional serves and the commitment to professional development) and the “branch” values as codified into the Model Rules.

Read more in the abstract for “Standard 303 and the Development of Student Professional Identity: A Framework for the Intentional Exploration of the Profession’s Core Values” below:

Legal educators, following the change in ABA accreditation Standard 303(b)(3)[1], must face directly the question “what are the core values of the legal profession?” This article offers a framework both to help faculty and staff clarify their thinking on what are the profession’s core values and to spotlight the choices law schools need to consider in purposeful fashion.

The framework offered here should also help allay two concerns that faculty, staff, and students may have about core values of the profession. One concern is that all statements of values are subjective in the sense that they are expressions of individual subjective preferences, beliefs, and attitudes.[2] A second concern is that statements of values tend to privilege the traditional, and hence fail to reflect the diversity of the profession and the experience and views of marginalized members of the profession – particularly with respect to the elimination of bias, discrimination, and racism.[3]

On the first concern, the article analyzes first the core values of all the service professions to point out two core values foundational to all of them. The article then analyzes the legal profession’s core values articulated in the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct, adopted with some variation by all fifty states. The fifty-state adoption of the Model Rules indicates a strong consensus on the core values of the profession. On the second concern, the values framework offered here makes clear that elimination of bias, discrimination, and racism is among the profession’s core values, and that the profession should, on an ongoing basis, seek feedback widely regarding its core values, particularly from marginalized groups, and reflect on the feedback.

Part II outlines the ABA accreditation Standard 303 changes that require each law school to help students develop a professional identity through the intentional exploration of the values of the profession. This means the faculty and staff need to discern the values of the profession they want the students to explore. Part III analyzes what is a professional identity? Part IV provides a framework to help legal educators clarify their thinking about the profession’s core values. The framework features some widely shared fundamental values for all the service professions, and locates also values particular to the legal profession. Part V explores how the core values of the profession in part IV connect to “successful legal practice.” Part VI discusses cautionary arguments that traditional values like those in the Model Rules can privilege some groups and fail to account for the experiences and viewpoints of marginalized groups.

[1] Standards & Rules of Procedure for Approval of Law Schools, Standard 303(b)(3) (Am. Bar Ass’n 2023), [hereinafter Accreditation Standards], https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/legal_education_and_admissions_to_the_bar/standards/2023-2024/23-24-standards-ch3.pdf.

[2] See, e.g., Joseph Singer, Normative Methods for Lawyers, 56 U.C.L.A. L. Rev. 899, 902-911 (2009).

[3] See discussion in Part VI of this article.

You can download the article from SSRN here.

Neil Hamilton is the Holloran Professor of Law and Co-Director of the Holloran Center for Ethical Leadership in the Professions at the University of St. Thomas School of Law in Minnesota.

Jerome Organ is the Bakken Professor of Law and Co-Director of the Holloran Center for Ethical Leadership in the Professions at the University of St. Thomas School of Law

David Grenardo is a Professor of Law and Associate Director of the Holloran Center for Ethical Leadership in the Professions at the University of St. Thomas School of Law.

Barbara Glesner Fines is the Dean and Rubey M. Hulen Professor of Law at the University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law.

Louis Bilionis is the Dean Emeritus and Droege Professor of Law at the University of Cincinnati College of Law.

October 24, 2023 by hami3258

Felicia Hamilton, Jerome Organ

“We’re Always Shaping People”: Podcast Interview with Jerry Organ, Co-Director of the Holloran Center

By: Felicia Hamilton, Holloran Center Coordinator

Jerry Organ, Bakken Professor of Law and Co-Director of the Holloran Center for Ethical Leadership in the Professions, University of St. Thomas School of Law

Our very own Co-Director of the Holloran Center for Ethical Leadership, Jerry Organ, was recently featured on the Legal Docket segment of the podcast The World and Everything in It: September 11, 2023 Episode. Legal correspondent Jenny Rough speaks with Organ, along with hosts Mary Reichard and Nick Eicher, about the revision to Standard 303(b), which encourages law schools to provide opportunities for the development of a student’s professional identity.

In the interview, Organ emphasizes the importance of identity formation in a career that is focused on serving others:

Law school… [is] about developing a specialized knowledge base and a specialized set of skills that are directed toward serving others. So, part of professional school really is a shift from a kind of a self-focus to now acquiring knowledge, acquiring skills. I’m going to shift from being a student absorbing information to a lawyer who’s now serving others.” [1]

He also highlights the need for law students to have the opportunity to discover and test out their professional interests along with the importance of being able to process those experiences with a faculty mentor or advisor, noting that at the start of second and third years of law school there is a rich opportunity to help students process their summer experience and then plan for next steps on their journey.

Organ also speaks to the importance of having courses like St. Thomas’s Serving Clients Well intensive, which highlights communication and relationship skills and encourages students to focus on client service and to act in accordance with their values.

According to Organ, law schools are “always shaping people. We just have tended not to be very thoughtful about it. And what this new movement is really talking about is trying to help us as law professors and people involved in legal education be more intentional about what it is we want to be communicating to our students about what it means to be a lawyer.”

Listen to the full podcast episode and read the transcription here! The interview can be heard starting at 08:45.

[1] Rough, Jenny. “Legal Docket: Law and service.” The World and Everything in It, World News Group, September 11, 2023, https://wng.org/podcasts/legal-docket-law-and-service-1694291807.

Jerome Organ is the Bakken Professor of Law and Co-Director of the Holloran Center for Ethical Leadership in the Professions at the University of St. Thomas School of Law

Felicia Hamilton is the Coordinator for the Holloran Center for Ethical Leadership in the Professions at the University of St. Thomas School of Law.

September 29, 2023 by hami3258

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