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Megan Bess, Uncategorized

Straight from the Students: Study Helps Reveal the Impact of Law School Experiences on Professional Identity Formation

By: Megan Bess, Director of the Externship Program & Assistant Professor of Law, University of Illinois Chicago School of Law

Legal education has fully entered a new era of recognizing the importance of professional identity formation (PIF). All law schools now have programs in place to support professional identity formation across curricular and extracurricular programming.[1] Despite this, legal educators do not have much evidence about the impact of law school experiences on student professional identity formation. Other professions, notably medicine, have gathered more data about the major transitions students experience on their paths from student to professional. I’ve written before about the importance of Professor Neil Hamilton’s research on the significance of 1L experiences on law students’ thinking and acting like lawyers.[2] His research revealed how work experience during the summer following a student’s 1L year  significantly impacts the PIF process.

Past studies of lawyers and law school graduates suggest experiential learning is highly valuable in preparing students for legal practice.[3] To the extent that legal educators can gather more data about the impact of experiences on students, this information can help schools better develop professional identity formation during key moments. Improving the quality of support for experiences that are highly formative for professional identity starts with educating students and educators about their formative value.

Last year I sought to gather more evidence about the impact of experiential learning and other school experiences on student professional identity formation. To that end, I conducted a research study of graduating students from the University of Illinois Chicago School of Law to assess their perceptions of how major law school events impacted their professional identity formation. Scores were calculated by assigning the following values to responses regarding impact: no impact=1; some impact=2, moderate impact=3; substantial impact=4; great impact=5. Two experiences stood out as particularly impactful. Over 50% of respondents rated both legal employment during their upper level (2L and 3L) years and summer legal employment following 2L year (or 3L year for part-time students) as having a great impact (the highest level of impact) on their professional identity formation.[4]

This table lists average results for all activities measured with five or more respondents. I present a short analysis of these results below.

Experiences Listed in Order of Average Impact Score

Summer employment after 2L or 3L year 4.5
Upper class (2L, 3L) legal employment during academic year 4.4
Working with attorney mentor 4.4
First-time externship during 2L or 3L academic year 4.2
Summer employment after 1L year 4.2
First-time externship summer after 2L or 3L year 4.2
First-time externship summer after 1L year 4.1
Simulation course 4
Faculty research assistance 4
Pro bono work 3.9
Authoring a journal note 3.9
Participating in a journal 3.6
First-time clinic during 2L or 3L academic year 3.5
Appellate advocacy course 3.4
Search for post-graduation employment 3.4
Moot court/mock trial 3.4
Drafting course 3.2
1L year second term finals 3.1
1L year first term finals 3
Leadership position 3
Bar application 2.9
First Lawyering Skills assignment 2.8
2L year final exams 2.7
3L year final exams 2.6
Orientation 2.3

 

Unsurprisingly, when taken in context with Professor Hamilton’s research, work outside of school is uniquely impactful on professional identity formation. Aside from working outside of law school, most of the highest rated experiences fall under the umbrella of experiential education. Clinic and externship experiences highly impact student professional identity formation.[4] Schools can also use data about the impact of working with mentors and assisting faculty with research to maximize these opportunities for students. Students also place relatively high value on simulation courses, journal involvement, and moot court/mock trial participation. As research emerges on the impact of these and other law school experiences on professional identity formation, schools can ensure a high level of student access to these important experiences and adjust professional identity formation strategies to better support students.

I present all data and a more robust analysis of my results in an article forthcoming in the Marquette Law Review, available now on SSRN. I intend to recreate this survey at my law school and hopefully other law schools to gather more data. If anyone else is interested in conducting similar research at your institutions, I would love the chance to collaborate. Please contact me at mbess@uic.edu with comments or questions.

 

[1] ABA Section on Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar, Standards and Rules of Procedure for Approval of Law Schools 2024-25 (2024), Standard 303, https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/legal_education_and_admissions_to_the_bar/standards/2024-2025/2024-2025-standards-and-rules-for-approval-of-law-schools.pdf.

[2] Transitions Unexplored: A Proposal for Professional Identity Formation Following the First Year, 29 Clinical L. Rev. 1 (2022); Transitions, Professional Identity Formation, and the Significance of Summer After 1L Year, University of St. Thomas Holloran Center Professional Identity Formation Blog (Sept. 16, 2022)

[3] See, e.g., Alli Gerkman & Logan Cornett, Inst. For the Advancement of the Am. Legal Sys., Foundations for Practice, Hiring the Whole Lawyer: Experience Matters 5 (2017), available at https://iaals.du.edu/publications/foundations-practice-hiring-whole-lawyer-experience-matters; 2010 Survey of Law School Experiential Learning Opportunities and Benefits (NALP and the NALP Foundation, 2011).

[4] While few law students who participated in clinic responded to the survey, notably nearly every student who did ranked the experience as having a moderate, substantial, or great impact on their professional identity development.

 

Megan Bess is Director of the Externship Program and Assistant Professor of Law at the University of Illinois Chicago School of Law.

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A Student Reflection on Professional Identity Formation at Regent University School of Law

By: Diana McBride Bloomquist, 2L

Professional identity formation is discerning what kind of lawyer you want to be, what motivates you, and why you want to practice law. Coming into law school, I was unaware of how crucial it is to develop a strong professional identity, and I am so grateful for Regent University’s emphasis on it. From the first week of classes, our professors impressed upon us how easy it is for lawyers to make professional decisions that directly conflict with personal values and beliefs and how this can result in deep-rooted unhappiness. I did not know that cognitive dissonance flows from making decisions inconsistent with intrinsic values and that our moral compass keeps track of those—regardless of whether we are aware of it. I learned that this process is subtle and that seemingly minor compromises, where an action conflicts with our values, can lead one to integrate a new identity over time. Regent combats this moral drift by placing professional identity formation at the forefront of a student’s legal education. Establishing your purpose for practicing law and determining why you are being called to serve in this way should inform and influence the decisions you make during your time in school and beyond. I am now convinced that developing self-awareness and sensitivity to one’s moral compass—along with relying on trusted mentors—provides the best insurance of integrity (acting in accord with core values) versus disintegration of those values over time by seeking extrinsic motivations like money or prestige. I learned early that adhering to the Model Rules of Professional Conduct alone will not protect me from moral drift and the inevitable unhappiness that results from the pursuit of extrinsic values. Instead, forming an identity that prioritizes core values has already led me to anticipate practicing in a way that may be challenging but will be fulfilling.

Regent Law’s Center for Professional Formation focuses on ensuring that we, as students, are given many opportunities to form our professional identity and consider how it will impact our future practice. Through the Center for Professional Formation, students can receive an alumni mentor and access to programs that direct us on a path that keeps us focused on our intrinsic core values. In line with these goals, the law faculty has developed required 1L courses such as Foundations of Law and Foundations of Practice. Foundations of Law explores the nature of law by assigning readings of classical texts, including Aquinas and Blackstone, and more contemporary and contentious issues, then facilitating open discussion in class that returns to the core values foundational to our legal system. Foundations of Practice includes readings and discussions with lawyers in various practice areas, such as Virginia Attorney General Jason Miyares and Professor Robert Cochran, who believe in professional identity formation and help students connect the ethical and moral decisions inherent in law practice.

Additionally, the Center for Professional Formation ensures that each student has a faculty mentor with whom we must meet as part of the Foundations of Practice Curriculum to develop a “Discernment Plan.” The Discernment Plan is the primary product of our Foundations of Practice course, and we are told it is meant to function as a living document that we can regularly revise as we move through law school under the same faculty mentor. The Discernment Plan explores a student’s gifts, potential areas for growth, and ultimately, the areas of law in which they may be the most successful. Due to Regent’s focus on professional identity, my idea of success has shifted. I believe I will be most successful in a field where my gifts can help others through law. I have also learned that identifying my gifts can involve a willingness to face fears and explore whether I can do things I thought were not possible. For instance, when I told my faculty mentor of my fear of public speaking, he encouraged me to lean into the discomfort of participating in our 1L Moot Court Competition. I had mentioned this fear in my draft of the Discernment Plan and, in retrospect, I am glad my mentor challenged me rather than allowing my fear to keep me from exploring potential strengths.

Aside from its commitment to professional identity formation through the Center for Professional Formation, Regent has begun integrating professional identity formation into doctrinal classes. For example, in an exercise in Civil Procedure, we were assigned a reading and reflection response on a hypothetical professional identity scenario, which we then discussed in class. The exercise revealed the numerous interests beyond the client’s best interest that influenced a lawyer’s advice to a client on whether to file a suit in state or federal court. Before analyzing this hypothetical question and answering the reflection questions, I was unaware that a lawyer’s interests could override the client’s best interests. In many of our required 1L classes, professors remind us that the individuals in assigned cases are real people, not just fictional characters meant to illustrate a legal concept.

Regent has done an excellent job encouraging reflection on forming our professional identity—both in courses specifically designed to do so and in other doctrinal courses through purposeful exercises. Professional identity formation influences every aspect of the education Regent has to offer and has shown me that my primary goals in practicing law are to embrace growth, even through challenging myself to withstand discomfort as I did with oral advocacy, and to serve future clients without sacrificing core values.

Diana McBride stands in front of a brick wall.

I am a rising 2L at Regent University School of Law. I currently serve as a law school representative on the Council of Graduate Students and as the Vice-President of the Women’s Law Association.

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Embracing Professional Identity Formation

By: Ruwayda Issa, University of St. Thomas School of Law 1L

I was very nervous during the Muslim Law Student Association (MLSA) Iftar Dinner held at the University of St. Thomas School of Law this spring. My 1L year was full of twists and turns including a change of professors (my Torts professor accepted an appointment to the Minnesota Supreme Court in the middle of the semester). Leading up to the Iftar dinner, I volunteered to be the moderator for the career panel during the event. I sat as an audience member throughout the past year hearing from various panels’ moderator and attorneys at different law school events. Now that I had an opportunity to serve as a moderator, I was nervous and focused on asking the right questions and keeping the audience engaged.

The panel conversation had a focus on professional identity formation as both attorneys are Muslim and persons of color who have faced adversity. I enjoyed the panel, and it provided me with a sense of clarity. I am a Muslim woman wearing a hijab that has juggled showing my different levels of identities in law school and law settings. I didn’t have a Muslim female attorney to look up to who could teach me how I should dress in professional settings. One ironic moment during the panel involved panelist Amran Farah, a Muslim female attorney, when she spoke about how she makes sure to wear a neutral-colored hijab if she is wearing a bold color for her blouse or blazer. I realized that I had employed that exact same approach myself for years, and I was already forming my professional identity in a way very similar to other female Muslim attorneys.

This event put my entire year into perspective and reminded me that I was on the right path. I look forward to planning next year’s Iftar Dinner with the rest of the MLSA board. Forming a professional identity is a continuing process, and learning from those who have helped pave the way is part of that beautiful, complicated process.

Ruwayda Issa is a rising 2L at the University of St. Thomas School of Law.

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Integrating Our Personal Identities With Our Professional Identity

By Nazeefa Nezami, University of St. Thomas School of Law 1L

Reflecting on the recent Iftar dinner at the University of St. Thomas School of Law, I find myself deeply moved by the powerful impact of the speakers’ words. Hosted by the Muslim Law Student Association, the dinner was a beautiful event where school administration, faculty, staff, alumni, students, and members of the community gathered together to celebrate iftar, enjoy a meal, and engage in meaningful conversation. It was a gathering of diverse voices, each eloquently highlighting the profound significance of Islamic identity and its influence on our paths as legal professionals and law students.

For those unfamiliar, Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar, observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting, prayer, reflection, and community. During Ramadan, Muslims fast from dawn until sunset, abstaining from all food and drink. Iftar is the meal eaten after sunset to break the fast, often starting with dates and water followed by a larger meal. As law students, navigating Ramadan can present unique challenges, but events like this dinner serve as a powerful reminder of the values our faith instills in us and how it shapes us as aspiring legal professionals.

In his opening remarks, Professor Thomas Berg of St. Thomas emphasized the inclusive nature of communal meals and the fundamental importance of caring for one another. Ramadan, he reminded us, teaches us empathy and compassion, urging us to recognize and alleviate the hunger of those less fortunate, support the vulnerable, and engage in acts of charity—a concept echoed across various faith traditions, including Christianity, Judaism, and others.

Augsburg University professor Najeeba Sayeed, the event’s keynote speaker, beautifully articulated the intersection of faith and professional life, portraying Ramadan as a symbol of discipline and resilience. Her message challenged us to confront injustice, even when it may strain our personal relationships, emphasizing that true justice requires standing up for what is right, regardless of the cost. Integrating our faith identity with our professional identity as lawyers isn’t just beneficial; it’s essential. These aspects of our identity aren’t separate but rather interwoven, enriching and guiding our actions in the legal realm.

As we reflect on the shared experiences of Lent, Passover, Ramadan, and Eid, we recognize the themes of discipline, sacrifice, resilience, and caring for others that unite us. The University of St. Thomas School of Law is committed to nurturing the holistic identity of its students, fostering an environment that values authenticity and embraces diverse faith traditions. It’s through this support that students remain grounded in their values as they embark on their legal journeys, equipped to make a meaningful difference in the world.

 

Nazeefa Nezami is a 1L at the University of St. Thomas School of Law. She serves as a class representative and is a research assistant for Professor Greg Sisk.

 

 

 

 

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A Student’s Reflection on Professional Identity Formation

By: Alena Stankaitis, University of St. Thomas School of Law

St. Thomas Law has done an especially incredible job at recognizing that professional identity formation is not a one-size-fits-all program. In particular, the school has integrated an intersectional approach to professional identity formation into our curriculum. As a neurodivergent, queer kid with dreams of becoming an attorney, I didn’t see any lawyers that looked like me in TV shows, movies, or books. Additionally, I’m a first-generation law student from a state other than Minnesota. Altogether, I felt like putting any effort towards substantively developing my professional identity was going to be futile, especially amid the rigors of law school coursework. St. Thomas Law and the Holloran Center helped break down these barriers.

First, we have time to recenter and reflect. Utilizing its robust connections to the Minnesota legal community, St. Thomas invests significant resources into our curriculum outside of our doctrinal courses. Programs such as first-year Roadmap Coaching and upper-level Mentor Externship classes afford us the opportunity to reconnect with our individual motivations for pursuing law school. Moreover, these initiatives connect us with like-minded professionals, allowing us to see our identities reflected within the legal field.

Second, St. Thomas Law invests in our experiential learning and community engagement. Through incredible externship placements, creating dedicated time in the middle of the day for student organization activities, and supporting intramural teams, the school helps us cultivate meaningful relationships with our peers. These connections not only enhance our emotional well-being throughout law school, but they also foster proactive engagement—the cornerstone of professional identity formation.

Alena Stankaitis is a JD candidate at the University of St. Thomas. They serve as Associate Editor of the Law Journal and are a Research Assistant for the Holloran Center.

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A Student’s Reflection on Professional Identity Formation

By: Jordan Bracewell, Mercer Law School

When I entered law school, my goal was to learn as much as I could so that I would make a great attorney. What I had in mind was learning the sort of knowledge gained from a textbook or by perfecting an oral argument, but being an attorney requires more. Law school has given me the tools to cultivate the intentional professional identity necessary to become a great attorney.

Mercer Law encouraged me to reflect on and form my professional identity starting 1L year with a required three-hour course, The Legal Profession. While cultivating a professional identity can include a constellation of virtues, Mercer emphasizes six necessary professional virtues: competence, fidelity to the client, fidelity to the law, public spiritedness, civility, and practical wisdom. The Legal Profession helps first-year law students learn the six virtues through various reading assignments, including The Formation of Professional Identity and Bryan Stephenson’s Just Mercy, listening to presentations on the virtues, participating in group discussions and exercises, and meeting practicing attorneys and judges.

Class exercises were particularly beneficial because they gave me an opportunity to be placed in hypothetical scenarios and see the importance of each virtue while recognizing the virtues can conflict with one another (such as fidelity to the client verses fidelity to the law). The hypotheticals were a chance to reflect on difficult situations within the profession and the values that I would use to help me respond. The discussions take place in small groups, and my classmates always had valuable insight that helped me develop the capacity to imagine alternatives. After we read and had discussion, the course also required weekly reflections. These reflections were an opportunity to slow down and be intentional in what I had learned during the week and throughout the course.

Additionally, the opportunity to hear from and interview attorneys and judges on their experiences broadened my understanding of the challenges and rewards of the legal profession. I appreciated how honest each person was in sharing with our class their insecurities and struggles, whether related to mental health, finances, family, job-searching, or being a woman or minority in the profession. I also appreciated how uplifting and encouraging each of our guests were. With no family or close friends who are attorneys, it was a valued chance for me to learn more about the different legal fields, get advice, and create connections. Several people who spoke to my 1L class have since been involved in my professional growth.

Now as a 3L approaching graduation, I am grateful that Mercer Law requires this class for all its students, and I enjoy telling others about what I have learned from Mercer. I have carried these professional virtues through other classes, interactions with students, leadership in student and community organizations, a judicial externship, and summer clerkships. Like many called to the legal profession, it has always been important to me to serve my community and to uplift others. This course was unique training in that it offered a new framework of values, problems, and guidance for upholding virtues while competently navigating the legal field. I hope the professional identity courses offered at law schools are creating a generation of future lawyers who are confident in themselves, know they can ask for help, and display the values we learned.

To me, professional identity means being intrinsically motivated to provide the best service to my future clients and to the legal profession. It is not possible to be an exceptional attorney without adhering to the virtues taught by Mercer, which should shape every professional interaction. I am thankful for professors like Patrick Longan, Daisy Floyd, and Timothy Floyd for the work they do to cultivate and instill these virtues in future attorneys through a safe environment to learn and grow. I am also grateful for the attorneys and judges who help law students and encourage new attorneys in their formation of professional identity. I look forward to continuing to develop my professional identity and to entering a field that has recognized the importance of teaching the virtues of competence, fidelity to the client, fidelity to the law, public spiritedness, civility, and practical wisdom from the very beginning of a legal career.

Jordan Bracewell Headshot

Jordan Bracewell is a 3L at Mercer University School of Law. During her time in law school, Jordan has served as Articles Editor for Mercer Law Review, Student Bar Association’s Honor Court Chief Justice, Vice President of Mercer Law Joshua’s Wish (a local nonprofit), judicial extern to Chief Judge Marc T. Treadwell of the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Georgia, and as Mercer Law’s student representative for the State Bar of Georgia Committee on Professionalism.

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A Student Perspective on Professional Identity Formation: Micayla Bitz

by Micayla Bitz, 3L at the University of St. Thomas School of Law

Law school is hard. I know this is far from a novel revelation, but it was not necessarily the mountains of reading or the cold calls that made it so difficult, at least for me. The past three years took me on a journey of self-discovery and professional discernment that was far more challenging (and, arguably, more worthwhile) than learning the Rule Against Perpetuities or the Commerce Clause.

Last spring, the University of St. Thomas Law Journal and the Holloran Center hosted a two-day symposium focused on professional identity formation. Over those two days, I was amazed learning how much intention had been poured into each part of my education at St. Thomas. It felt like I was getting a peek behind the curtain. Each reflection paper, lecture, and experiential learning opportunity weaved throughout the curriculum were meticulously planned to shape me into the person I am today. And it worked! Because of this emphasis at St. Thomas, I never saw the law as a purely intellectual endeavor. From day one, our professors have pushed us to consider the human lives behind the casebook and the real-world implications of various legal outcomes. I have also been emboldened to take a stand for things that matter. And just as importantly, I have learned to recognize when things don’t matter and need to be let go.

It feels like an impossible task to summarize my immense gratitude toward St. Thomas Law and the Holloran Center for making law school such a transformative experience in my life. St. Thomas and the Holloran Center fostered a community where it was okay to be vulnerable, make mistakes, and learn from them. My experience at St. Thomas has fundamentally and forever shaped my character and sense of purpose.

Micayla Bitz, 3L at the University of St. Thomas School of Law.

Micayla Bitz, 3L at the University of St. Thomas School of Law.

 

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A Student Perspective on Professional Identity Formation: TJ Bowman

by TJ Bowman, 3L at University of St. Thomas School of Law

To me, professional identity formation describes the journey from being an aspiring lawyer to a practicing one who is committed to serving clients, the profession, and the rule of law. Stated differently, professional identity formation helps me answer the question: “What kind of lawyer do I want to be?” This journey is not something that simply begins your first day of law school and ends when you graduate or make partner. Instead, it requires continuous reflection and a commitment to lifelong learning.

At St. Thomas, my professional identity began forming immediately during 1L through foundation courses such as Moral Reasoning for Lawyers, Serving Clients Well, and Business Basics, which encouraged me to reflect on my personal values and how those values comport with our system of justice and our conception of the lawyer’s role. During my 2L and 3L years, St. Thomas called me to take ownership of my professional identity formation through the mentor externship program by connecting me with lawyers in the Twin Cities community. This program expanded my professional network and provided me with valuable hands-on learning experiences. During my law school career, I have also taken a number of courses that promote my professional identity formation. For instance, Ethical Leadership in Organizations encouraged me to integrate my faith and ethics into my identity, which equipped me with the tools to be a morally responsible, servant leader with respect to the clients, organizations, and communities I serve. Finally, Well-Being and Professional Formation deepened my understanding of the several dimensions of well-being and its impact on my professional identity and quality of life in practice. 

TJ Bowman, 3L at the University of St. Thomas School of Law